The NanoBio NanoStat™ products are proprietary oil-in-water emulsions, composed of nanometer-sized droplets that employ a physical process to disrupt the outer lipid membrane of pathogenic organisms.  The droplets traverse the pores and hair follicles of the skin and mucosal membranes, without disrupting normal tissues.  These droplets accumulate in the epidermis and dermis where they interact directly with and disrupt organisms at the site of the infection.  Given the unique mechanism of action that results in killing on contact, there is limited potential for drug resistance to develop (Fig 1).

The technology provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi, spores and protozoa. 

                         Nanoemulsion droplets fuse with pathogens, energy is

     released and the pathogen membrane is disrupted

With respect to the company's mucosal vaccines, the nanoemulsion acts as a carrier for a vaccine antigen by penetrating through pores and hair shafts in the nose and facilitating the uptake of the antigen by dendritic cells.  This results in a significant systemic and mucosal immune response, involving the production of specific IgG and IgA antibody as well as cellular immunity.  NanoStat vaccines are discussed in further detail in the vaccine section Mucosal-Vaccines.